2011年6月29日星期三

New energy investment opportunities in the automotive battery industry

New energy investment opportunities in the automotive battery industry


One plan the series of reports emerging industries:


New energy investment opportunities in the automotive battery industry


Industrial policy, fiscal policy support to the industry a tremendous space for development, the whole industry chain are faced with investment opportunities, the battery industry is the core benefit areas.


New energy vehicles for the first time been included in the government work report, a national strategy in China's energy saving strategy was given higher expectations. National Development and Reform Commission, said the end of March, "the new energy vehicle development program" will be introduced. Policy support to the plate with great space for development. Other studies have found that in the new energy automotive industry chain, the battery industry will most benefit.


Emerging industry focus


New energy vehicles as a national strategy for the first time been included in the government work report, will enter a substantive stage of development, a strategic emerging industries in the world spotlight.


Development of new energy vehicles is of great significance, it is a low-carbon economy and the integration of the automotive industry a technological revolution. On the one hand is the inevitable choice for low-carbon economy, the other is China's automobile industry continues to grow the only way. The industry's transformation into practical productive forces, China's economic transformation in the implementation of specific industries, not only to residents of a huge car meet consumer demand, promote economic growth, but also low-carbon economy and emission reduction targets can be achieved at the industry level, but also help enhance our international competitiveness of the automotive industry.


Following the Government's commitment to achieve the 2020 carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP in 2005 dropped 40% to 45% target. Automotive emission reduction targets as one of the main, the need for higher emission standards, new energy and automobile industry with the inevitable.


Currently on the market there are two major new energy vehicles. One for hybrid cars, such models have relatively mature, but higher production costs, as long as the relevant government departments to give some financial support, it can be promoted. Another is the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles, but inadequate urban infrastructure facilities related to the promotion of new energy vehicles need this part of the relevant departmental interaction, in some cities only after a successful pilot implementation.


Beginning in 2009, the state planning industry docking. Published in March last year, "the automobile industry restructuring and revitalization plan" that is planned to 2011 form 50 million new energy automobile production capacity, new energy vehicle sales accounted for 5% of total passenger car sales around. Meanwhile, the National Development and Reform Commission started in May last year, the new energy vehicle battery, capacitor, electric drive motor and accessories industry, intensive research to understand the overall technological level of industry and development status, screening has the core components of the production innovation enterprises, defining policy to support the object.


Last year, Premier Wen Jiabao in Shanghai to study, he put forward to support the development of electric vehicles. , The National Development and Reform Commission automobile team leader Wang Shulin said that the new energy vehicle development plan has been submitted to the State. New energy vehicles in the national leaders of the care and industrial policy support, and gradually into the fast lane.


The key policy support


Foster a new industry in a major R & D, productivity and promote the application into a chain, the state fiscal and financial policies play a key role in supporting and related industries and industry segments and improve the standards are very important.


Premier Wen Jiabao in his government work report, and actively promote the new energy vehicles, "substantial progress" and strive to break new energy vehicles, "key technologies." The number one this year, the CPPCC proposal is to develop low-carbon economy, new energy vehicles as the main object of attention of CPPCC members.


It is reported, the National Development and Reform Commission will announce the end of March, "the new energy vehicle development plan." "Two sessions", the Ministry of Industry and Minister Li said that the new energy automotive R & D investment is relatively large one-time, the price is relatively high, in order to encourage the private purchase, the Ministry of Finance in consultation with the subsidy policy, the maximum amount of subsidy may reach 60,000 yuan . It is predicted that by 2012, domestic Demonstration of new energy vehicles will reach 60,000, the Ministry of Finance will also be special subsidy of up to 20 billion yuan


Countries in the industrial policy to promote the continued implementation of the policy, while this year's number of central enterprises will also start building charging stations, new energy vehicles pilot entered a substantive stage. CITIC Securities, predicted that the new energy vehicle demonstration city expanded from 13 to 20.


The new energy automotive industry during the relevant industry standards and sub-industry standards is essential. Universal Group Chairman Lu Guanqiu proposed the "development of new energy vehicles on the recommendations of the national standard," proposed the establishment of national standards committee of new energy vehicles, well-developed industry standards. Lu Guanqiu key components for the establishment of a unified industry standard system, the development of lithium-ion electric car industry standards, and developed to enhance the standard of the new energy automotive industry standards, to develop common standards with international standards for new energy vehicles. Zeng Qinghong, general manager of Guangzhou Automobile Group made the battery life and charging time constraints of the electric car industry, national standards should be as soon as possible.


Core investment opportunities in the battery industry


New energy automotive industry is facing long-term investment opportunities, the whole industry chain will benefit, the core benefit is part of the battery industry. At the same time, investment value also to the electrical system, vehicle, and fields of upstream resources.


Battery industry is concerned about the hot market, on the new energy vehicles, almost all of the investment and research institutions will focus to this segment of the industry. Car huge amount of battery, an electric car than 4,000 laptop computers, cathode materials for each car average 50 kg, 40 kg anode material, electrolyte 40 kg. 2009 domestic demand of 8,000 tons of electrolyte, only 50% increase in auto demand.


Higher penetration of current lithium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries are also good prospects for development. Lithium high gross margins, great support of the relevant corporate performance, gross margin was 30 percent positive, negative 20%, 40% of the electrolyte, diaphragm 70%, Lithium hexafluorophosphate 70%.


Lithium battery industry has more quality investment target shares. Shanshangufen (600884.SH) is the lithium battery industry leader, the largest-scale integrated lithium-ion battery materials supplier, which ranked the first lithium battery positive and negative electrodes, electrolyte, the country's second, has formed a "resource + technology + market "chain advantage. Electrolyte are high-tech sectors, Jiangsu Guotai (002091.SZ) is the industry leader in the electrolyte, the first, third in the world, occupying the high-end market. The company's new 300 tons of lithium hexafluorophosphate products pilot project is about to usher in, will further enhance its market advantages of scale. CITIC Guoan (000839.SZ) is the only electronic mass production of lithium secondary battery manufacturers, the largest of its subsidiaries or the lithium battery cathode material of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide manufacturers. Membrane manufacturer Fosugufen (000973.SZ) and BYD cooperation, increase and expansion projects are lithium-ion battery separator.


Ni-MH battery field, Keli far, the torch high and other companies by institutional concerns. Other areas of the core parts of China South Locomotive (601766.SH), universal cash flows (000559.SZ), Ningbo Yunsheng (600366.SH) Wolong Electric (600580.SH) and electronic storage capacitor manufacturers Farah (600 563 . SH) and other companies are also worthy of attention.


Take lithium, platinum, nickel and rare earth resources in the upper reaches of the key advantages of listed companies, including Tibet Mining (000762.SZ), Baotou Steel Rare Earth (600111.SH), your research Platinum (600459.SH), Jean Nickel ( 600432.SH) and so on. The field of vehicle more competitive enterprises, CITIC Securities, the investment securities and other agencies concerned with Foton Motor vehicle companies (600166.SH), Shanghai Automotive (600104.SH), Yutong Bus (600066.SH) and so on.



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2011年6月27日星期一

China Space Expo car battery equipment

China Space Expo car battery equipment


Correspondent 24 from Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Co., Ltd. was informed by the company's commitment to develop the Shanghai World Expo VIP automotive lithium-ion battery and will demonstrate the Expo on the fast charging electric vehicle batteries the project, has conducted a loading sports verification, will be put into use in Shanghai World Expo.


Meanwhile, the Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Co., Ltd. An annual output of 15 million (for 10,000 safety and can be assembled a pure electric car) lithium-ion battery production lines are debugging, and is expected in June this year, mass production capacity.


According to reports, in February 2009, the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology affiliated Shanghai Institute of Space Power set up the Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Co., Ltd., specializing in automotive lithium-ion battery and power management system development and production, April that the absorption of key projects in Shanghai high-tech industry "new energy vehicles lithium-ion battery project", the official launch automotive lithium-ion battery industrialization. July that year, the Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Co., Ltd. signed the first phase of the four shareholders of 90 million yuan investment agreement to work together to build internationally competitive, from raw materials, batteries, battery management systems to new energy vehicles equipped with lithium-ion battery industry chain, to form China's new energy auto key components of independent industrial system.


Accordance with the development plan, Shanghai Aerospace Power Technology Co., Ltd. registered capital by 2012 to reach 4.5 billion yuan, total investment of 700 million yuan or more, an annual 100 million when the safety car power lithium-ion battery production capacity; to ' five-second "end, with a total investment of 45 billion yuan to build advanced vehicles and new energy power lithium battery industry chain, the formation of one million level of vehicle battery power system supporting production capacity.


As a professional in spacecraft, aircraft, launch vehicles and other special equipment power system development, production and research institutions, Shanghai Institute of Space Power from space began in 1998 with a lithium-ion battery and power management system developed in 2005, starts car power lithium-ion battery and power management technology development, will be the first time in 2008 and its lithium-ion battery power management system successfully used in the "Shenzhou" VII companion task. Currently, the cooperation with relevant universities and companies, have jointly build China's high performance lithium-ion battery system development platform.



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2011年6月24日星期五

Biggest names in the domestic photovoltaic thin-film battery prospects retrial

Biggest names in the domestic photovoltaic thin-film battery prospects retrial


Since the fourth quarter of last year's strong recovery this week in Shanghai at the "Sixth China solar grade silicon and PV Power Conference" has become a successful major photovoltaic manufacturers to get rid of the financial crisis a "celebration party." At the meeting, the domestic solar photovoltaic gurus of the future full of confidence, especially for thin-film battery prospects for a re-evaluation.


Prior to the industry view was that, as polysilicon prices collapsed, thin-film battery competitiveness will decline, and even some scholars believe that the cost of thin-film batteries with silicon no advantage at all, may be between 3 to 5 years in China disappeared. In this regard, a number of photovoltaic industry yesterday to be refuted.


Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Electronics and Information Wang Bo, deputy director, said in a report yesterday, the current domestic companies more than 60 thin-film batteries, although the proportion is still high, but as a representative of the new technology, the energy conversion efficiency is gradually improved, and its production costs are lower, the proportion expected in the future will be increasingly high, and in the future to play its own advantages.


Zhejiang University, Professor Yang Deren also revealed that Japan held the "2010 NEDO Conference", the community also discussed how to thin film batteries to a more efficient and cost-direction and other issues.


Semi china analyst Song in Beijing, said countries are to increase solar energy technology development, and hope our government can be established as soon as China's own Solar Energy Research Institute, and enhancing our thin-film batteries, or other new technology research and development capabilities, accelerating the pace of solar grid parity .


"Although, with the crystalline silicon products, prices, thin film cells differentiated competitive advantage has been weakened, but the company remains devoted to its great energy, and is gradually enhance their competitiveness. The future will show a new look to all walks of life . "Zhejiang Chint Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd. General Manager YANGLI said.


Baoding Tianwei Ma, general manager of thin-film photovoltaic thin film cells on the same literature, the future development of confidence, "thin-film battery technologies is still in its infancy, much room for technological advances, the cost can fall, we should be emerging products to give sufficient confidence. "


New GM hydrogen fuel cell system will be put into operation in 2015


March 16, General Motors, said GM is currently testing the new hydrogen fuel cell system, and the battery system will be put into operation in 2015.


GM said the new research and development of hydrogen fuel cell system is the size of the Chevrolet Equinox fuel cell vehicle equipped with half the weight of 220 pounds, only one-third of the fuel cell Equinox.


GM spokesman Alan Adler said in an interview, the new hydrogen fuel cells because the volume is small, so it can carry a variety of models, such as cars and crossover vehicles, even in the compact car can carry.


But Alan Adler did not disclose the new hydrogen fuel cell production in 2015, will be used in the Which models.


Currently, GM's Chevrolet Equinox hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are in the testing phase.


Recently, GM's global powertrain chief executive, said Charles Freese, GM will not give up hydrogen car plans.


Compound semiconductor multi-junction solar cells will be mass production


U.S. Weixun joint semiconductor (RFMicroDevices, RFMD) to use the company's 150mm GaAs compound semiconductor production line, trial out of the solar cell. RFMD said it is the conversion efficiency of more than 40% of the "compound semiconductor multi-junction solar cell to achieve commercialization milestone."


The release of RFMD and the U.S. Department of Energy's research, "National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)" to jointly promote the development of compound semiconductor solar cell project's initial results. RFMD does not change the existing compound semiconductor devices that constitute the production line, but the direct use.


RFMD plans in the future through the following two stages, first in 2012, junction solar cell more than the amount of production. First, confirm that the use of NREL's IP (InterlectualProperty) solar cell production line at RFMD's manufacturing. Second, in RFMD's 150mm production line to verify that the solar cell volume production yield and manufacturing costs.



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2011年6月22日星期三

Battery for flowers this thirty-eight college girls had a very low carbon

Battery for flowers this thirty-eight college girls had a very low carbon


"I have a useless cell phone batteries, pots of flowers can change?" "We have the bedroom to take over the books, and want to change a few goldfish." 7 at noon, Zhejiang Forestry College, East Lake is particularly busy cafeteria door, the Communist Youth League organizations, the school's "waste for flowers, low-carbon over March" event held here, many girls are holding a used items here, hope can be exchanged for their environmental items of hope.


In the event, all student organizations, Zhejiang Forestry College of volunteers who already buy or find business sponsors a number of flowers, goldfish, chopsticks, bags, towels and a number of green items, any girl can be with a certain amount recycling of waste materials, come for the items they need. In the event description on the poster, the students can see: the battery can for flowers, books can be for goldfish, beverage bottles can change bags ... ...


In exchange for a variety of gadgets at the same time, the girls also receive a production of printed by the student volunteers, "low-carbon life tips" leaflets. Leaflets not only a list of dozens of low-carbon living tips, positive initiatives, but also the majority of girls in their festival, not only flies happier, but also flies low carbon, while in his mother happy, do Do not increase the burden to Mother Earth.


"Low-cost, long life, low carbon emission" Silicon Valley stunning revolutionary advent of solid-oxide battery box


Former U.S. Secretary of State George Shultz and Colin Powell, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, eBay president , Google co-founder Larry Page, and Wal-Mart, Coca-Cola, FedEx and other famous enterprises of high-level U.S. ... ... A few days ago, the political and business circles of the biggest names gathered in San Jose, California headquarters, eBay, not the purpose of their visit to participate in celebrity party, but attended the Silicon Valley emerging energy company Bloom Energy has launched a high-profile solid oxide fuel cell cartridges - Bloom Box.


Tight-lipped after many years, Bloom Energy CEO Sridhar finally announced to the world of this $ 400 million, eight-year-old developed a mysterious fuel cell. According to Sridhar introduction, Bloom Box truly low-cost (10 per cent commercial use only), longevity (life up to 10 years), and almost no carbon emissions, is a "change the world" products, there are more than 20 leading U.S. companies to buy and are using this new battery box. Bloom Box there is a great way of attracting U.S. and AFP and other Western media's attention, almost all of the agency in its the first time a report, the famous CBS "60 Minutes" program is also after the conference Dahl had an exclusive interview on the Sri, then known as the "Box" fuel cells what magic? It really would like Sridhar said, enough to change the world?


Solid oxide fuel cell breakthrough


Bloom Box is a new solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), from the property can be classified as third-generation fuel cell, is stored in a direct fuel and oxidizer in the chemical energy into electrical energy efficiently all solid-state chemical plant.


Compared to the first generation phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) and the second generation of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide cells with high efficiency and adaptability to a wide range of multi-fuel gas and other excellent features. However, as with most new energy, the traditional high-cost solid-oxide cells are also facing problems, because such cells in the production process will inevitably have to use platinum and other precious metals, and because the requirements of high temperature operation, solid oxide battery in a sealed and structural problems, such as the interface between electrolyte and electrode chemical diffusion coefficient of thermal expansion, matching between different materials and the stability of the bipolar plate material, there are a lot of technical obstacles, it simply is "not afford" . American manufacturer of UTC Fuel Cells Solid oxide cell research for 30 years, but still at the experimental stage, its technical difficulty can be imagined.


Bloom Box in materials science and manufacturing processes on the homework the article, it completely eliminates the use of precious metals. According to Sridhar said, Bloom Box core material is sand, zirconium oxide and other semiconductor materials, not more expensive cost of copper and other metals, so the cost would be guaranteed. Bloom Box also has a revolutionary on the compatibility of the performance, it can use almost all the hydrocarbon fuels such as ethanol, bio-oil, gas, or gas, or even vodka, but the whole process of producing electricity, but will not burn these materials, Because solid-oxide cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions. In the use of oil, coal bed methane and other fossil fuels power generation, its carbon emissions of only 40% of conventional thermal power plants, and if the use of non-fossil fuel power generation, it can be zero carbon emission.


"Cheap cheap electricity rather than batteries."


Fuel cell research has been a century of human history, but the earlier products are basically concentrated in the aerospace and automotive industries, in large-scale commercial and residential areas are rarely tried, this is because the high cost of fuel cells, on the other hand because of poor stability of these batteries, and life is very short, Bloom Box is promising a major breakthrough in this field.


Sridhar at the press conference to launch the Bloom Box size refrigerator rather, the power output of 100 kilowatts, costs about $ 700,000, but the service life of 10 years is sufficient to allow users to recover the costs. Currently over 20 companies nationwide to buy this type of Bloom Box, FedEx once bought five, Google has its headquarters in Mountain View, California purchased four, eBay, Coca-Cola and other companies have also become Bloom Box's first customers. This bulky battery pack from the effects point of view is equivalent to an independent power plant, as long as raw materials to independent power, without the grid, there is a great advantage is to avoid power loss during transmission. Given the higher subsidies in California, Bloom Box cost of electricity is only 8 to 10 cents per kWh, lower than the California commercial electricity currently 14 cents per kWh, the average price, doing three to five years of purchase cost recoverable. In addition, Bloom Box is not vibration at work, no sound, but no odor.


So in the U.S. and other world or no subsidies, subsidies for low areas, Bloom Box you can continue to play magic? In fact, the only conference to announce the Bloom Box series products a, Bloom Energy's vision is not limited to these super-rich and powerful company. According to Sridhar said, Bloom Box products array has many branches, from a single bulb for energy to fuel cells for large enterprises to use the 100-kilowatt battery system of everything. As a few years ago from NASA (NASA) to resign entrepreneurial scientist of Indian origin, Sridhar's ultimate goal is to supply the family, he is expected into the home of the Bloom Box was born in the next few years, the price generally $ 3,000, Sridhar this argument is "we provide cheap electricity is not cheap batteries."


Geometry skill to change the world?


Silicon Valley high-tech companies everywhere, "Box" before the introduction of Bloom Energy can only be used to describe the unknown, but now it seems to have become the hottest star of Silicon Valley, "Times", "National Geographic", "Popular Science" , "Business Week", "New York Times" and a number of mainstream media are full of praise for Bloom Box, Schwarzenegger even be defined as "the history of the United States one of the greatest achievements," but like all new technology, like, Bloom Box brings controversy is not small.


"Fortune" magazine confirms Bloom Box of innovation is also questioned. In view of the core technology Sridhar secretive, $ 700,000 in the price situation, difficult for outsiders to judge from a purely technical point of view this battery really solve this problem cost-effective. In this regard, Sridhar explained that the Bloom Box involve trade secrets, and has submitted patent applications, eight years as the company announced new products that do not want it to be a laboratory, but must first prove that it can be spawned an industry. Sridhar broke the news that the first internal version of the Bloom Box 2006 year already there, according to the agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy, which they sent to the University of Tennessee for two years of testing, after starting from July 2008 to the company send a field test of the product. eBay, installed seven months ago, five Bloom Box, now meet the nearly 15% of eBay's electricity needs.


United States, "Market Watch" (Market Watch) have suggested a non-technical problems: The U.S. Government is not a major supporter of fuel cell technology. In the "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act", the fuel cell technology is one of the lowest share of aid, although the overall high-tech batteries and electric vehicles won the $ 2.4 billion in government loans, but so far only from the fuel cell $ 42 million. Overall view, Bloom Box is indeed promising, but needs to be done.



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2011年6月20日星期一

"Low Carbon Expo" to help accelerate new energy vehicles

"Low Carbon Expo" to help accelerate new energy vehicles


National Energy Board data show that China's crude oil production 189 million tons in 2009, net imports of crude oil reached 199 million tons, which means that there is an oil used in China need mostly imported from abroad.Our dependence on foreign oil has now reached 51.3%, for the first time more than 50% of public opinion that the psychological barrier.Another data shows that 40% of global oil, 30 percent of China's oil consumption by a car, at present, a number of subsidies related to private car, the new energy vehicle development program, the development of new energy vehicles and other related standards to support the new energy policy is the car to be intensive.


"Low Carbon Expo" to help accelerate new energy vehicles


Shanghai International Battery Fair embracing the best period of development


"Low Carbon Expo" has been more and more people are familiar with: Shanghai World Expo Park has been identified to achieve traffic "zero emissions" goal.The future of driving in the Expo area public transport vehicles, limousines, ground vehicles, tourist vehicles are new energy vehicles, including next-generation "Shanghai" brand fuel cell cars.At the same time, during the World Expo will have 150 70-seat hybrid buses in Shanghai in operation, connecting the audience arrived for the World Expo site.In addition to new energy bus, the Expo will also invest outside the 350 hybrid cars, the Expo as a service taxi.


New energy vehicles include hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles three.Whatever the new energy vehicles, the main focus of its research and development are concentrated in battery materials, performance, parameters, and only the battery technology progress, new energy vehicles may have a change in energy demand.In a sense, the future competition between car manufacturers, battery performance is the main competition.Who holds the battery's leading technology and industry, who will be in the next upper hand car market.


"The Second China (Shanghai) International Battery Products and Technology Exhibition" will be held April 8, 2010 to 10 in Shanghai Everbright Convention and Exhibition Centre.With the advent of low-carbon economy, along with the carbon of the upcoming Expo, one of the "cell" produced a new understanding of the meaning, and this exhibition was held, no doubt for the upcoming revolution in the battery to give the depth of analysis .So far hundred major battery manufacturing company, lithium equipment and product manufacturers participating.Many power companies, said companies with large booths appeared to in-depth industry, peer exchange, understanding trends.Battery business to lay the battery Exhibition 2010 Shanghai, Shanghai World Expo will be a portfolio of this in mind, fully prepared to meet the battery industry faces opportunities and challenges.At the same time, Shanghai, China International Battery Fair also ushered in the best period of development, the rapid growth of the exhibition area, exhibitors increasing.


Thunder Sky Energy Group Limited as a leading lithium battery and electric car production enterprises, to 360 square meters of exhibition area reload this debut.The Group is the world's first successfully developed using water-based adhesives instead of "PVDF" manufacture high-power, high-capacity lithium-ion rechargeable batteries high-tech manufacturing companies.In addition, the industry leader in many of the show have also given a high degree of attention.Luoyang, China National Aviation Co., Ltd Lithium bear 863 "high-capacity lithium iron phosphate power battery and power module technology development" projects, is a leading production 100AH over high power, high-capacity, high-voltage lithium-ion battery manufacturing professional company; Hite Electronics Group Co., Ltd. is a new focus on green energy field of high-tech companies, will bring their latest products exhibition; Harbin Ju Yung New Energy Co., Ltd. is the first row of super-capacitor industry enterprises in 2005, becoming the world's first and only products certified by UL super capacitor manufacturer.


Participate in this exhibition of well-known battery equipment manufacturers in Guangzhou Lange Electrical Equipment Co., Ltd., Dongguan City, Ruby Lithium Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Technology Co., Ltd., win together.It is worth mentioning that Shenzhen Ji Yang Automation Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing Sevenstar Electronics Co., Ltd. are hundreds of square meters of area will debut.In addition, Dongguan City, Chun Tai Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., Dongguan City, famous Automation Equipment Co., Ltd., Liuzhou Howard Jeter Chemical Machinery Co., Ltd. will all be present.


It is reported that the "2010 China Innovative battery technology (Shanghai) Forum" will be held April 9, 2010 held in conjunction with the exhibition.By then, Chinese Academy of Engineering, advanced battery research and Materials Provincial Innovation Alliance, honorary chairman, known as the "father of China's lithium," the Quan Chen, Guangzhou Institute of specialist detection technology CVC Huang Kun, Science and Technology "863" Project Energy field evaluation experts Shi-Jun Liao, executive president of China Academy of corporate marketing Huang Yu Xin, Xu fuel cell engine Institute think pass, China Committee of hydrogen power plant, deputy director Chen Peikang such heavyweights will be keynote speakers, and participants to discuss China Battery , super capacitor industry development trend and enterprise product upgrades, technical innovation and other hot topics.


Toshiba announced its entry into the market home solar power system


March 2, according to foreign media reports, Toshiba yesterday announced that it will enter the home solar power system market.Mitsubishi Electric Corporation has said it will plant in Kyoto Prefecture, the new solar cell production line, in the face of the rapidly expanding market demand, competition among various manufacturers is becoming increasingly fierce.


Toshiba involved in solar cell and power conditioning devices business, which will use the power of the United States SunPower's high efficiency solar cell production, combined with the regulator to achieve the world's highest levels of power efficiency.Toshiba plans to implement the business year 2012 sales exceeded 25 billion yen (about 1.91 billion yuan).


On the other hand, Mitsubishi Electric in 2010 the year in which production of the Kyoto Nakatsugawa new factory production line.The company plans before the end of March next year, the annual production of solar cells increased by about 2% to 270 million watts, and was further enhanced after the year 2011 to 600 million watts.


According to the survey's "integrated resource system" introduced in the 2008 Japan-made solar cells, Sharp's share of 38.6%, ranking first, followed by Kyocera and Sanyo Electric of 23.7% to 17.2%.



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2011年6月17日星期五

Building microbial fuel cells using Chlorella

Building microbial fuel cells using Chlorella



(1 Beijing University of Technology Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing 100083, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Process Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing 100190)


Abstract: Separation of Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) to build a photosynthetic microbial fuel cells to study the anode and chlorella added to wastewater as substrate electrical properties and mechanism of cell production results showed that the microbial fuel cell is constructed possible, power output depends adsorbed on the electrode surface algae, with the algae suspended in basic solution has nothing to do. the light of the fuel cell voltage changes in one of the main factors in the cathode chamber with iron ions through the second and cycle between trivalent transformation to improve the electron transfer rate to speed up the reaction of protons and oxygen, the battery output power density of 11.82 mW/m2, COD removal rate reached 40%. This battery chemical energy, light energy conversion electrical energy while recycling of sewage and chlorella.


Keywords: Chlorella; microbial fuel cell; photosynthesis; sewage treatment


1 Introduction


Microbial fuel cell (Microbial Fuel Cell, MFC) is the use of microbial catalytic chemical energy into electrical energy a device [2 associated with microorganisms, such as electrochemistry and material development of the subject, MFC continuous improvement of the structure and properties of [ 3], and gradually extended to the field of environment in the emergence of dual-chamber on the basis of a single-chamber [5] and the up-flow MFC [6], the substrate from a single small organic molecules, such as sodium acetate [4], glucose [5] , turned to mixed organic molecules, such as chlorophenol wastewater [7], straw waste water [8], brewery wastewater [9] Logan [10,11] developed for municipal and industrial wastewater as the substrate of the MFC in the sewage biological treatment, while access to electricity, reducing the cost of sewage treatment, waste recycling to achieve now be reported for the anaerobic treatment of MFC anodes [12? 14], and applied to practical inconvenience. chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris ) for a general class of single-cell green algae naturally, based on water as electron donor light autotrophic organisms, the process of photosynthesis, the use of simple inorganic and synthetic organic growth and reproduction of its strong environmental tolerance, degradation of pesticides can be used inorganic salts, hydrocarbons, phenols and other organic compounds [15], and can absorb heavy metal overload, the body is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, nucleic acids and chlorophyll, is to maintain and promote nutrients essential to human health in this work to build microbial fuel cells using chlorella. This is no mediator photosynthetic microbial fuel cell anode and cathode are in the aerobic environment to run, reducing the difficulty of manufacturing the reactor, expanded use of field In sewage treatment, while access to electricity, chlorella can also reduce production costs for the waste water treatment and energy utilization of resources to provide a new way of thinking


2 Experimental


2.1 Experimental Materials


2.1.1 algal species and culture conditions


Micro-organisms: Chlorella vulgaris Yongding River water samples from the Beijing isolated and cultured. Were collected five water samples placed in 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask, No. 1 # 5 # # .1 # 4 in 50 mL flask followed by 4 aquatic, aquatic 105, No. 10, Yun Gee [16], Zarrouk medium [17], 5 # flask without any medium, all media at 121 autoclave sterilization 15 min. temperature 25 ~ 30 , illumination 4500 lx continuous light, 15 d after the growth of algae in bottles # 4 best. visible Zarrouk medium required for the experimental cultivation of algae.


The Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences identified four main phytoplankton samples # Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Cyanophyta algae are the only seats, green algae include Scenedesmus, Chlorella is, cross Rhodophyta, One of the largest number of Chlorella, accounting for 90% of the total number of cells shown in Figure 1.


As the largest number of Chlorella, the cell density of 8 105 mL? 1, without the need for preparatory training, direct access to the water droplet separation method [16] on the train separation and purification of algae. After repeated separation and purification of Chlorella concentration on the graphite electrode 30 d after the scanning electron microscope shown in Figure 2.


2.1.2 Experimental conditions


Temperature 25 ~ 30 , light intensity 4500 lx continuous light, all devices are placed in the light incubator.


2.2 Equipment and instruments


Devices used in the experiment shown in Figure 3, the cathode, the anode electrode chamber 2 form, through the proton exchange membrane (Nafion-117, American Dupont Company) connected with bipolar proton exchange membrane sandwiched between the vacuum chamber to maintain the sealing pad, Each electrode chamber can be put into 250 mL solution, all devices are placed in the light incubator experiment.


Proton exchange membrane in order before use in 30% H2O2 and 0.5 mol / L H2SO4, deionized water, boiled 1 h [18], and then stored in deionized water for use. Electrodes were not polished high-purity graphite electrodes, the physical surface area of 65 cm2, before use with 1.0 mol / L HCl soaked place impurity ions, and then used with 1.0 mol / LNaOH soaked to remove the surface adsorbed cells [19]. graphite electrodes placed in the treated vessel in the culture of Chlorella algae enrichment.


2.3 Experimental Methods


Voltage acquisition: Rui Bohua AD8201H data acquisition card, 16-bit, 32 channel, programmed double-ended and acquisition accuracy 0.1 mV. COD test uses dichromate method (GB11914-89) determination.


3 Results and discussion


3.1 Maximum electric power production


Select the appropriate external resistance in order to facilitate cell to produce the best output power, the normal operation when the battery voltage platform to change the external resistor (0 to 5000?), Get resistance? Output power and resistance? Voltage (Figure 4). With the external resistance increases, the battery voltage increases, but the growth rate is slowing down; battery power is increased first and then smaller in the 510? near the battery output power (0.077 mW), the output power density of 11.82 mW/m2 this experiment to determine the resistance of the battery is 510 outside?.


3.2 chlorella and its role in the MFC anode power law for the study of Chlorella produced at the anode effect on the production of electricity carried out control experiments. Anodes access Chlorella device I, II do not access, the cathode by adding 50 mmol / L potassium ferricyanide solution [20], external resistance was 510?, experimental results shown in Figure 5. I microbial fuel cell voltage is significantly higher than II. I microbial fuel cell reaction occurs as follows:


I have battery voltage consists of two parts, part of Chlorella photosynthesis photolysis of H2O, the process produced some of the cathode electron and proton transfer to [(2)]; the other is outside the cell metabolism photosynthesis carbohydrates in the process of accumulation outside the cell membrane cytochrome lose electrons to the anode [(3)], electronic and through the external circuit, the protons through the proton exchange membrane to the cathode. chlorella battery without the voltage values from 0.07 V II down to 0.01 ~ 0.02 V, then add in the cathode 50 mmol / L potassium ferricyanide, 0.07 V voltage to rise rapidly around the battery voltage with the potassium ferricyanide solution II the consumption decline, potassium ferricyanide solution can accelerate the electron transfer rate, improve the battery voltage.


To examine the cell suspension on the impact of power output, battery run time, it will replace the battery electrodes is not I access Chlorella electrode, the results shown in Figure 6 experiments show that after replacing the battery voltage to keep the electrode in the background voltage After a period of time has increased, and when re-replacement of the original electrode, the voltage quickly rises to about 0.09 V, which shows the adsorption removal of the battery cells, battery electric performance of a significant decline in production, the replacement anode adsorption Chlorella electrical properties of the battery capacity after recovery can be seen suspended cells contribute to the power output is very small, power output due to adsorption on the electrode on the chlorella, the biofilm formed on the electrode the electrode into the dish to pre-enrichment the electrodes into the room when a very mature biofilm formation when the battery I run stable, the cathode and then adding 50 mmol / L potassium ferricyanide solution, a rapid increase in voltage, which is due to Fe3 + in potassium ferricyanide


Reduction rate faster than the O2 [(4), (5)], can accelerate the electron transfer rate, power output increase the reaction period of time, consume potassium ferricyanide, stabilize the battery voltage drop. This When injected into 50 mmol / L potassium ferricyanide solution, a rapid increase in voltage.


When the battery when I run stable again, the abolition of the light, the voltage has dropped to the background voltage (Figure 7) in the absence of light conditions, photosynthesis of Chlorella can not continue to produce carbohydrates and hydrolysis, only decomposition carbohydrates has been formed, until the complete decomposition of the voltage gradually decreased to the background current, and the experiments show that illumination of photosynthetic microbial fuel cell voltage changes in one of the main factors is the battery I can be stabilized at 0.09 V voltage around the main reason.


Chlorella in MFC 3.3 and its production of cathode power law in order to investigate the chlorella cell voltage cathode to improve the role of preparing two sets of experimental apparatus, numbered III and IV. III cathode battery access a small isolated training ball algae, chlorella cell IV is not access, adding activated sludge and anode are 0.2 mol / L sodium acetate 10 mL, add 510? fixed value resistor before the anode through N2/CO2 adding activated sludge mixture (80 / 20?) divisible medium of oxygen, sealed after inoculation or slowly through the mixture [4], the cathode without ventilation.


Shown in Figure 8, III cathode microbial cells generated by the battery voltage slightly higher than the IV. This is because the battery's cathode III in Chlorella photosynthesis to produce oxygen for microbial cells to provide more adequate electron acceptor, to speed up cathode oxygen reduction rate, accelerate the electron transfer rate, thereby reducing the oxygen in the cathode reaction with H + overpotential, increase the battery output voltage.


Battery III running for some time, microorganisms adsorbed on the electrode gradually formed biofilm, then the voltage stabilized at between 35 ~ 40 mV, but prolonged reaction, sodium acetate consumed, the voltage dropped to the background voltage, and then add the acetic acid sodium, voltage rise rapidly (Figure 8). photosynthetic Chlorella cathode microbial fuel cell adsorption reaction is as follows:


Anode (anaerobic):


Anode inside the activated sludge process of cell metabolism acetate [equation (6)], accumulated outside the cell membrane to the cathode cytochrome lose electrons, e and then through the external circuit to the cathode, the anode chamber generated by H + through the proton exchange membrane to the cathode chamber , dissolved oxygen in the cathode chamber the electron is eventually restored, and then the reaction of water with H + [(9)] at the same time, photosynthesis of Chlorella in the cathode water decomposition [equation (7)], cell metabolism and decomposition of photosynthetic role of carbohydrates produced [equation (8)] will increase the oxygen in the cathode reaction with H + super potential, which led to the battery voltage IV III than a small increase, an increase of only 0.01 V or so.


3.4 the use of photosynthetic micro-battery sewage


Beijing will be taken from the settling tank Gaobeidian sewage treatment plant effluent (COD = 321.2 mg / L) to join the stable operation of the microbial fuel cell anode chamber I, while the treatment of organic waste generation, respectively, after dealing with different time sampling measured COD, the results shown in Figure 9. can be seen by adding organic waste, the microbial cell voltage from 0.09 V I rose to about 0.12 V, stabilized after a period of decline, remained at around 0.1 V, which is due to join in the anode organic waste provides nutrients for the chlorella, the voltage increased rapidly to a peak when the battery is running for some time, the battery voltage is stabilized due to the organic wastewater containing organic nutrients, so the stable voltage value slightly higher than 0.09 V.


Chlorella handle the sewage, the sewage in the 21 d of COD values from 321.2 mg / L reduced to 189.6 mg / L, removal rate of 40% proved, the use of chlorella wastewater treatment can effectively remove waste water organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, significantly reducing wastewater COD. So, the use of chlorella to build microbial fuel cell, producing electricity at the same time in the wastewater, while the use of waste water and solar energy into chemical energy to electrical energy is feasible.


4 Conclusion


This work was built using microbial fuel cell chlorella, chlorella examined were added to the anode and cathode and wastewater as substrate cell production of electricity and electrical principles of production, sewage treatment and the use of the battery feasibility study draw the following conclusions:


(1) the use of chlorella is the feasibility of building a microbial fuel cell, this battery can be chemical energy, light energy into electrical energy, while sewage treatment and recycling chlorella, chlorella to reduce production costs for wastewater treatment resources to provide a new way of thinking. battery output power density of 11.82 mV/m2, the COD removal rate of 40%.


(2) The power output depends on the adsorption on the electrode surface of the algae, with the algae suspended in basic solution has nothing to do. Anode and cathode are aerobic running, compared with the MFC has been making simple, easy to operate and expand the practical application of the field.


(3) Chlorella access to the cathode, produce oxygen through photosynthesis, reducing the oxygen in the cathode reaction with H + super potential to improve the electron transfer rate to speed up the protons and oxygen in the cathode reaction, increasing the battery output voltage.



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2011年6月15日星期三

Automotive battery management applications focus on efficiency is still multiple obstacles

Automotive battery management applications focus on efficiency is still multiple obstacles


Guests:


Linear Technology Corporation (LinearTechnologyCorporation) signal conditioning product marketing manager BrianBlack


TI Automotive market development manager for mixed-signal products, Liu Peng


Orth Source Technology Co., Ltd., general manager of Beijing Yin Shusheng


Core Power Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing Sales Manager Wang Liang


Hybrid vehicles for our country provides a good opportunity to catch up


It can be expected in the battery energy density and efficiency of investment and improvement work will continue, HEV / EV market will continue to grow worldwide


pure electric vehicles as a "zero emission" technology, in order to catch up with foreign technology in China provides a good platform


BrianBlack: the promotion of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV) in the development of a number of factors, worries about climate change is just one of the other contributing factor is to improve the energy efficiency and through the use of alternative energy sources to improve air quality and reduce emissions, the third driver is that people want the relative supply of fuel energy is changed to more easily switch between.


Hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles are still at an early stage of development, but also because of the need in the car driving distance, cost and user-friendliness (such as recharge methods and time) trade-off between the path of development so they may be different. However, it can be expected that, in the battery energy density and efficiency of investment and improvement work will continue, HEV / EV market will continue to grow worldwide.


Yin Shusheng: 2010 development of hybrid vehicle market will show rapid growth, HEV / EV market will continue to grow worldwide. Official cars and private cars should be the mainstream for the development of pure electric vehicles, battery to supply electric vehicles in the form of rental customers, to reduce car costs, reduce the use and maintenance costs.


The market will be plug-in hybrid buses in the mainstream, that is, power generation systems with smaller and less efficient lithium-ion battery pack provides power for the vehicle, so the overall energy supply system can further reduce the cost of hybrid systems, size and weight. In addition to hybrid cars, another option is the oil and gas hybrid is the high pressure gas from the fuel generators and power transmission work together to power the vehicle.


Wang Liang: pure electric vehicles as a "zero emission" technology, in order to catch up with foreign technology in China provides a good platform to start the same time period at home and abroad, in some ways has a leading position in China, and has good market prospects. With the current situation, it is foreseeable, the new energy vehicles in particular, is a pure electric vehicle technology will gradually mature in China, the market will gradually improve and development. Only full advantage of the long-term battery research in the outcome, especially in the key power batteries and battery technology greatly exceeded it possible to better establish the advantage, in electric vehicle technology has made great leaps.


Battery management unit to enhance the efficiency of battery


Battery Meter management is the amount of battery charge and discharge the statistical work and data available to the vehicle management system; charge management unit for the battery charge and discharge the functions of the implementation of monitoring


secondary battery technology, especially high-power battery technology is still restricted the development of new energy vehicles


BrianBlack: HEV and EV systems although there are significant differences, but for accurate and reliable operation of energy measurement is a common basic requirements. Linear IC products manufactured in these two applications have been given to use.


Liu Peng: HEV, especially on the EV, the maximum utilization of stored energy is the key to the increase in vehicle driving range. Therefore, the active cell balancing technology developed rapidly. Battery match the implementation, not the high-power battery discharge to the lowest power consumption, but high-capacity battery energy transfer to low-power battery. This is patented technology by Texas Instruments PowerPump achieved, it is the basic DC / DC converters use a small set of inductors and transistors, to obtain about 85% efficiency. However, lithium-ion batteries also require close monitoring over voltage, under voltage and temperature levels to avoid possible fire or explosion. TI provides a highly integrated battery monitoring and balanced solution.


Yin Shusheng: measurement of management is a battery charge and discharge the battery statistical work and data available to the vehicle management system; charge management unit for the battery charge and discharge the functions of the implementation of monitoring of each battery unit has detected a battery temperature , voltage, current, balanced self-discharge voltage.



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2011年6月13日星期一

Lead-acid batteries have great vitality and look forward to days with greater development

Lead-acid batteries have great vitality and look forward to days with greater development


Battery base, and with the days to the Group Chairman of the Board of China's Zhang Tian any prospects for the development of new energy battery made the exchange and discussion, to group vice president Yang Yuanling day, deputy chief engineer Renan Fu, Chief Investment Officer Wang Zhikun and well-known Chinese experts in electrochemistry Dr. Cao Gaoping join the discussion. Academician Yang believes that from the state, national interests and economic development to take into account the overall development of China's new energy battery. Good prospects for the future development of lithium batteries, but the main problem is that the battery safety and compliance rate, lead-acid batteries in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage battery accomplish much, the key is to continue to make technological progress and environmental protection .


Lead-acid batteries have great vitality, there will be new as


Academician Yang introduced, lead-acid batteries through 150 years without failure, in the nickel - cadmium batteries, nickel - hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, new battery has been launched in several decades, still firmly occupy the majority of market share; China annual output of nearly 20 million electric bicycles, most equipped with lead-acid batteries; the world's various locomotive, every car is a piece of lead-acid batteries, they are not. In addition to its technology is mature, inexpensive cell cheap, safe outstanding advantages of the traditional, with its competition in recent years in the development of many new technologies are closely related, such as three-dimensional and two-dimensional structure of the electrode and the whole sealed, tubular, Horizontal and other new structures; use the new lead alloy electrode, can promote the gradual increase in specific energy and cycle life of up to 4500 times. Lead-acid "super battery" is also one of them the latest technology. Therefore, lead-acid batteries are not outdated, lead-acid battery technology.


What is a lead-acid "super battery"? The so-called lead-acid "super batteries", UltraBattery, is the super capacitor in parallel with the use of lead-acid batteries (can be called "external and"), evolution is "in and" is the double-layer capacitors with high specific power, long life the advantages of integration into the lead-acid batteries, while maintaining the "outside and" increase the power, extend battery life while the merits, but also simplify the circuit and improve the specific energy, and reduce the total cost. It has been great development in China's electric bicycles and electric vehicles is starting, will have a huge economic and social benefits. Lead-acid "super cell" There are two key technologies, one for high-performance capacitance in sulfuric acid electrolyte carbon, and second capacitor anode of carbon and lead compound.


In a combination of new technology, lead-acid battery energy density can be increased to 60-80wh/kg, power can be increased to 600-700w, which is close to lithium battery technology indicators.


863 should support the development of lead-acid battery technology


Recently, the U.S. President Barack Obama announced 2.4 billion dollars funding 48 projects to support the development of the United States, "the next generation of battery and electric car" production, including lead-acid batteries, were arranged $ 34,300,000 and $ 32,500,000 to support the two companies Lead the development of "super cells" project. Remarkably, the plan does not mention hydrogen batteries and fuel cells.


Academician Yu-Sheng Yang called it "a monk from the Scriptures", to move China's "Buddha", is no longer biased against lead-acid batteries should be solid support for a lead-acid batteries. Academician Yang suggested that China's 863 plan should be clear support for lead-acid "super batteries", not hesitation. To this end, he suggested the Government to produce 45 million yuan (equivalent to U.S. 1 / 10), support the 2,3-producing - research portfolio, coupled with 1:1 matching funds of enterprises, with two years to develop lead-acid "Super Battery" and capacitance of carbon, and formed a certain scale of production capacity. This is to address the financial crisis, the best one of the measures to stimulate domestic demand.


Lithium is the future direction of development, but the technology still needs to be improved


Academician Yang that lithium is a good direction, but we must first solve the problem of security and compliance rates.


The safety of lithium has been concern for everyone. 2009 cell phone lithium battery exploded in China, 7, 3 people died, technically speaking, mobile phone lithium battery is relatively simple, with no serial, parallel problems. It is understood that the energy of lithium is probably the phone 2wh, according to international statistics, one ten-millionth the probability of an explosion, but a bus is probably the energy of lithium batteries 20 million wh, if you press the number of hours and mobile phone Li-watt battery, the probability of explosion may be one per cent, which can not be ignored. Lithium battery industry is to really solve the security problem, otherwise the consequences will be unimaginable. In the end is pretty important, or important to safety, industry professionals should pay attention.


The second problem is the passing rate of lithium batteries. In addition to large-capacity lithium-ion battery technology to enhance, but also further enhance the rate of quality.


The most energy saving electric car


Bottleneck in the development of electric vehicles is the concept, rather than simply technology. In various types of electric vehicles, the biggest advantage of pure electric vehicles: one without oil, 1 million electric cars per day to replace 1 million tons of gasoline; Second, pollution-free; Third, all costs (purchase price + energy prices ) may be lower than fuel vehicles; Fourth, simple, non-oil and water, use, and easy maintenance; Fifth, the battery can be used at night cheap "Valley Electric" and the existing power line charging, not only to promote the "Valley Electric" (mainly nuclear power and wind power), for the grid "distributed peaking", but also save a lot of funding for building energy storage power station.


Leapfrog China should give priority to the development of a single charge can travel 150-200 kilometers of pure electric vehicles.


In addition, the used battery electric vehicles have a variety of development, all kinds of batteries to be "beyond the exhibition and fair competition."


Lead-acid storage batteries in the field of new energy scale has an advantage in competition


On China's new energy development, Academician Yang pointed out that the field of lead-acid battery energy storage in the size of the competition advantage. In the field of new energy storage batteries, the industry has completed a long cycle life for lead-acid battery power storage system test. The system is connected with the overall power supply system, the peaking operation. Test the power storage system, three units were the maximum power of 100kW, 100kW, 400kW, continuous operation of the two and a half, not a battery voltage drop, the voltage difference increases and other issues, the system runs well. Identified lead-acid battery power storage system is practical.


Meanwhile, the development of new energy storage battery cost and life must be considered, lead-acid battery performance and stability, and cheaper prices. Chemistry Institute of Chemical Defense military power of China Research and Development Center has ten years of military batteries, the battery needs of the accumulation of proof, the overall research, technology development experience, particularly concerned about the development of large-scale energy storage battery technology, especially the recommended lead-acid battery The application in this field.


Lead-acid battery industry to focus on pollution prevention and control of lead


When it comes to lead-acid batteries that people often will say, there are environmental problems of lead. In fact lead-acid battery is the highest rate of all varieties of batteries, and lead production process of large enterprises has also been strictly controlled. To effectively solve the problem of lead ore mining and smelting of lead battery recycling waste, acid pollution; as long as serious and responsible step up environmental protection departments, enterprises attach importance to the implementation of environmental protection measures, the problem is not difficult to resolve.


Current lead battery industry should strive to achieve from lead mining, battery production, recycling of old batteries closed operation, this can minimize lead contamination. Why did not pollute the environment of nuclear power concern, because the raw materials of nuclear power to the recovery of uranium from mining, the whole process of environmental protection have done well. Lead-acid battery industry chain can learn from the experience of nuclear power production.


Another new lead-acid "super cell" within the existing lead-acid battery much less than, longer life but also reduce the workload of regeneration, which are of direct benefit to reduce lead contamination.


Lead-acid battery production equipment to achieve domestic


Finally, the Academician Yang comes to lead-acid batteries made equipment problems. He said that now the new lead-acid batteries (such as tubular cells) and the old equipment, a lot of battery recycling business or the use of imported equipment. Expensive imported equipment, prevented large-scale application. Chinese battery company in the import of equipment, be sure to consider the localization of the equipment as soon as possible. Imports of equipment at home is a good opportunity, but also to promote technical progress in China battery industry opportunities. Equipment prices down, companies can use the advanced equipment does not produce pollution. Lead-acid battery industry in China who want to work together, from mining to the old battery recycling throughout the process, as soon as there are plans to promote the equipment in China.



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2011年6月11日星期六

DC switching power supply system and the machine

DC switching power supply system and the machine


This article describes the high-frequency switching DC power supply system and machine application experience and experience. As I am only familiar with Eaton Shiweiteke power so some of the views and opinions have some limitations, please understand.


Continuous high reliability of communication system requirements are obvious, but communication with the power of energy suppliers as a system than to a human heart is most fitting that. Complex network environments such as various non-standard electrical equipment operating over-voltage surges caused by lightning or power reliability is a major killer. So increasing the reliability of communication power and when the emergent solution? Some people think of DC and the machine program to solve, I think reliability will be increased exponentially in the 0.1 ~ 2. Programs poor choice would fall between 0.1 to 1, select the appropriate program will fall between 1 and 2. First of all I want to thank our Shiweiteke power has selected users the confidence of our products, I think the fact Rectifier N +1 redundant reliability has more than enough, and would like to thank those who are prepared to use our product users, you choose a company with 15 years of manufacturing experience communication power of international big companies, so I recommend you just set Shiweiteke power of the "a" sufficient power (in this set is a monitor.)


Strongly recommend the best solution:


DC power supply and two direct drive capacity is also no limit to work with only one monitor controlled rectifier to work as a backup to another monitor. Monitor can be manually backup or automatic backup, as Shiweiteke monitor power products have a normal monitor relay instructions, instructions manual backup when failure and automatic backup monitor is also more convenient to implement. The key point of this program is that the exchange of the two systems must be independent loop-powered circuit. Lead to the collapse of the entire system as the primary factor is the exchange of power in the mine or operation over voltage surges. Using two independent AC power supply circuit can greatly reduce the probability of the collapse of the entire system. Can be solved and the machine after the rectifier DC current sharing, the battery charge current limit function. Drawback is that two sets of power supply to be used for Shiweiteke (SM40 or more monitors).


The second program, DC, and hot backup machine monitor


Basically, with the first program, but must monitor SC200, SC200 using monitor standby features, a higher cost of the use of SC200, but it can be called perfect, and advanced machine. Line of Control between the two systems less and neat.


The third program, the diode and the machine


Diode and the machine is a traditional and more reliable programs, old and new sets of system is not restricted. Disadvantages are:


1. Diode voltage drop is high energy consumption


2. Capacity is limited, our highest achieved 400A.


Principle see below:


The fourth program, double the electricity sector and the local system


Double for power and computer system, usually two systems independent of each other. Rectifier only when a system in which the two systems have failed and there is pressure of about 1V when the two machines to enter and drive mode. In manual operation requires special care, to prevent interaction between the battery charge. And the machine used only as emergency and long-term use of the system are to be considered current, the battery charge current limit.


(Note: only one of a battery or a battery power supply situation has been used before-break switch, to ensure uninterrupted power in the switching load.)


Principle see below:


Fifth programs for the forces of two-and machine system


This program has solved the battery charge current limit function, no batteries on the charging issue. But the only two systems are not resolved flow problem. Note that the two systems must be identical, which applications have some limitations.


Principle see below:


Conclusion


Has advantages and disadvantages and limitations of each program, some programs are Shiweiteke only two systems to apply the product, so users can mix and avoid weaknesses according to actual needs. DC and the machine control program is more complex if used improperly would be counterproductive and will not improve the reliability of the system several times, but I think the more important of the two-machine system and the application of principles are:


1. Input circuit must select two completely different and independent circuits, the independent anti-surge, the better is an independent low-voltage transformer;


2. Control circuit is simple, such as the third option is relatively simple;


3. Considered as close to the load cell design, secure the load;


4. The application for the power sector, due to its power grid and the application environment is better than the specification, N +1 redundant rectifier reliability has more than enough. This is in the power sector for many years running the rectifier modules in the net sum up the resulting rework.



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2011年6月9日星期四

Copper oxide nano patent applications in various fields

Copper oxide nano patent applications in various fields


1, nano-copper oxide in the nickel-metal hydride batteries in the application: Harbin Institute of Technology to apply the "nano-copper oxide containing Ni-MH battery anode materials," Patent No. CN anode in Ni-MH battery to add 3-10wt.% Model VK-Cu01 nano-copper oxide can effectively improve the battery specific energy and power, enhancing the battery negative performance, but also reduces the negative battery weight.


2, nano-copper oxide doping on the properties of hydrogen storage alloy electrode: The copper oxide doped with nano-VK-Cu01 after the electrochemical properties of hydrogen storage alloy electrode, CV, SEM results show that copper oxide during the first charge is reduced to low valence particles deposited on the alloy surface is much larger than the specific capacity of copper oxide alloys, doped copper oxide can be adjusted by storage capacity of the alloy. Electrochemical test results show that the doped alloy electrode has better high-rate charge and discharge capacity and cycling performance. EIS results show that the enhanced conductivity of doped alloy electrodes, electrochemical activity increased.


3, nano-copper oxide at room temperature, the application of sorbent: Harbin Institute of Technology to apply the "application of nano-copper oxide and its preparation method," Patent No. CN 200710071896.2, pointed out that the nano-copper oxide (VK-Cu01, 99.9%) at room temperature desulfurization agent can be used as the only component. The nano-copper oxide at room temperature 25-30 ℃ and high precision under the conditions of desulfurization, sulfur capacity of up to 18.3% -28.7%. AR under the same conditions than the copper oxide sulfur capacity of 4.-65 times that of zinc oxide sulfur capacity of 4-8 times that of the preferred temperature desulfurization agent.


4, copper oxide nanoparticles in mesoporous sorbent applications: Shanghai University of application, patent No. CN 200810041467.5 introduced by impregnation of copper oxide nano VK-Cu01 uniform load to the mesoporous materials, prepared with nano-copper oxide sorbent super H2S removal capacity, and to avoid runaway phenomenon, this new type of nano-copper oxide sorbent will replace the commonly used iron oxide and zinc oxide desulfurization sorbent.


5, nano-copper oxide in antimicrobial applications for: Qufu Normal application of the "copper oxide nano-antibacterial agent of a preparation method," Patent No. CN 200810016322.X which states that the copper oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were compared with good antibacterial activity. The copper oxide nano-antibacterial agent with a clean, efficient, low energy consumption and pollution. Is a new antibacterial agent can be widely used in pharmaceutical, textile and other fields.


6, nano-copper oxide in the feed of: chicken feed in the nano copper oxide, copper oxide nano crude protein and trace elements copper, zinc, iron, manganese and apparent digestibility. The results showed that: in the broiler diet containing copper oxide nanoparticles can significantly improve the apparent digestibility of copper.


7, copper oxide nano-particle energy booster cooler National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researchers Make Ken in the "Examples of nano-copper oxide booster refrigerator energy" in such records: The standard lubricant and refrigerant adding an appropriate amount of the mixture of different nano-particles found in ordinary polyester lubricant on the full diameter of 30nm dispersed copper oxide particles VK-Cu01, and with ordinary refrigerant (R134a) mixed, it can draw cooler heat transfer increased by 50 -275%.


8, copper oxide nano-frozen oil viscosity: To improve the cooling system can be put, reducing air conditioning energy requirements, we found oil in the freezer to add nano-copper oxide (VK-Cu01) particles can reduce the refrigeration oil viscosity and improve the energy efficiency of refrigeration systems. And at a temperature lower than 45 ℃, surfactant + oil + pure copper oxide nano-particles of the stability of the best and most suitable for the viscosity at this time the use of freezer.


9 CuO/Al2O3 cordierite honeycomb catalyst flue gas denitrification performance "CuO/Al2O3 cordierite honeycomb catalyst" of the invention that is coated with nano-alumina in the VK-L30 cordierite honeycomb carrier supported nano CuO (VK -Cu01), obtained cordierite honeycomb catalyst CuO/Al2O3; which Al2O3 catalyst for the stability of the load on the denitrification activity was not affected, but the stability of denitrification, Al2O3 load greater denitrification activity of the catalyst more stable; CuO only load vector in the Al2O3 layer, the catalyst was higher denitrification activity, CuO loading on the stability of the catalyst affect the denitrification activity, when highly dispersed CuO, the stable denitrification activity increased with the increase of CuO loading increased


10, United States Patent US 6,221,275 invented a way to improve the performance of nano-liquid heat to copper oxide nano-VK-Cu01, add 5% of the volume fraction of nano-copper oxide nanoparticles can improve the heat transfer liquid 60 %.



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2011年6月7日星期二

Feast of listed companies to share power lithium battery

Feast of listed companies to share power lithium battery


Shanghai Automotive hand the United States investment in A123 lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate Huafang Textile battery development, Foton Motor and Beijing University to establish a new energy battery first ... ... For a time the company listed company involved in wind and water power lithium battery.


Global automotive lithium battery market will show explosive growth, is one of many listed companies competing to snatch the main incentive. It is predicted that by 2014, cars will use lithium batteries the size of the market soared 24.8 billion, an increase of 214 times more than in 2008. Faced with such a feast, to seize investment opportunities as consensus: car companies have to extend the industrial chain to the power battery, battery manufacturers in the reverse direction for strategic cooperation with vehicle manufacturers, and new enterprises also want to get involved in gluttonous feast of lithium batteries Cup points for the U.S. joint venture to share.


Constraints and gradually break the ice


Emissions and oil resources in response to the dual pressures of increasingly scarce in most countries the development of new energy vehicles will be deemed to revive its auto industry and the most important means of energy saving, and reduction in the most stressful and the United States for promoting standard-bearer of new energy vehicle development. Recently, the United States issued the "Joint Statement", said the two sides will launch in the U.S. electric car initiative, the two countries in the next few years, several million electric cars in use.


U.S. Highway Administration optimistic forecast, by 2015, the U.S. auto market, about 20% of the number of cars, hybrid cars, the market size of up to nearly 300 million. The current U.S. market share of hybrid cars is only 3%. It also predicts that by 2020, half of the global automotive market will have a new car with different levels of sales of hybrid technology.


In China, published in March this year, "the automobile industry restructuring and revitalization plan" in the development of new energy vehicles has also developed a general goal - the next three years, China will form a 500,000-in hybrid electric charge and the common type of hybrid new energy automobile production capacity. By 2012, the new production car will have 10% energy saving and new energy vehicles, new energy vehicles are expected to reach 500 billion yuan output value.


Faced with such a tempting cake, the domestic automobile enterprises have place in them, in order to stay ahead. Compared with the conventional vehicles, new energy technology gap with foreign cars do not, there is the possibility of overtaking corners, more implications for the domestic automobile enterprises to increase investment in new energy vehicles optimism.


Such as Shanghai Automotive, according to the company plan, in 2010, saving 20% of consolidated Roewe 750 in the mixed hybrid cars will be mass market; 2011, Shanghai GM will launch with the U.S. General synchronized VOLT electric car; 2012, fuel-efficient more than 50% of the Roewe 550 plug-in cars will be available in volume strong mixing; the same year, SAIC's own brand of pure electric cars to market have truly zero emissions.


It is worth mentioning that, on December 6 Changan Benben MINI success of pure electric vehicles off the assembly line, which is China's first pure electric vehicles. Zhi Xiang, oil and electricity coupled with the weak degree of hybrid cars, Zhixiang gasoline-electric hybrid cars with moderate, Zhixiang Plug-in hybrid electric road vehicles Yue Xiang, Changan Automobile product line of new energy vehicles gradually improved. According to the plan, Changan Automobile will adhere to the integration of a variety of new energy technology development approach, the early days of hybrid and gas vehicles, pure electric vehicles as the focus, the gradual development of fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle.


In addition, Brilliance Auto, Geely, Dongfeng and other new energy vehicles have launched their new energy vehicles. But now, most government agencies and institutions only for the customers, not sell to individual consumers. Such as the domestic leader in new energy vehicles BYD, though already introduced three electric vehicles, which go to the end of the market in October this year F3DM planned sales to individual consumers, but the conditions are not ripe, still not into the personal terminal market.


Analysts pointed out that factors in addition to their own electric vehicles, the current constraints on their main external factors to promote the convenience of charging and high acquisition costs, but these two constraints are expected to break the ice.


Construction of the charging station can not do without the support grid. Related to the national grid to receive the China Securities newspaper interview, admitted that market space immeasurable electric cars, the company is willing to build. In the past 2 years, there were 10 provincial-level company research and pilot work, the company also conducted a number of large car prices and research cooperation, made a lot of data is now in full swing in preparation for the construction of the charging station. It is noteworthy that the three major oil companies have shown great enthusiasm, such as CNOOC are now in main building of electric cars and charging network.


The other constraints - high purchase price of electric cars, analysts pointed out that to solve this problem, in addition to their own car prices need to reduce costs, but also to reduce the need for government subsidies. At present, most countries have subsidies for new energy vehicles, such as the UK available to buy PHEV and EV 2000-5000 pounds reward, the Japanese electric, natural gas and other clean energy vehicles, 50% tax cut. To encourage the development of new energy vehicles, China's financial subsidy policy has also been introduced, such as fuel-efficient hybrid vehicle in accordance with the standard rate of subsidy is divided into five files, the maximum subsidies for 50,000 yuan per vehicle; pure electric vehicles can be subsidized 60000 yuan. However, subsidies have not yet implemented, the car prices of new energy vehicles can only be married purdah. However, this may not wait too long to make car prices, the state key projects of new energy vehicles, team leader Wang Binggang Project Management and Consulting, said the subsidy for buses and other policies have been implemented, the subsidy policy is estimated that consumers will soon introduced.


Growth in the market will break out


Analysts pointed out that with the convenience of subsidies and charging solution, the new energy vehicle market will see explosive growth, and as the scale of new energy vehicles, the rapid expansion of the power battery, motor, electric control, etc. will significantly increase demand This is expected to become the next 10 years the core drivers of industry growth. Among these, the performance of battery development of new energy vehicles plays a vital role. Endurance, consistency, security, and other indicators determine the future of new energy vehicles, the pursuit of higher specific energy than the power, self-discharge, long life and safety of a good battery, to become an important issue of new energy vehicles.


Current hybrid cars use nickel-metal hydride battery technology, nickel-metal hydride batteries, but some of the technical properties such as energy density, charge and discharge speed is close to theoretical limits. The lithium battery has energy density, high-capacity, no memory, etc., by various car manufacturers and battery manufacturers unanimously approved, is currently the focus of national research and development of lithium-ion batteries.


According to the different cathode materials, lithium batteries are lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate ternary materials, and four. SW reported that comparison, lithium cobalt oxide biggest problem is poor security (150 degree high temperature explosive), high cost and short life cycle; the safety of lithium a lot better than lithium cobalt oxide, but the high temperature environment The cycle life is even worse (500 times). Lithium iron phosphate because of the high discharge power, low cost (about 18 to 30 yuan / ton), fast charging and long cycle life (over 1000), in the high temperature stability under high heat (temperature above 300 degrees only security risks), has a good safety performance, which is the best vehicle to use lithium cathode material. At present, China's car prices electric car models introduced, the power batteries are lithium batteries, Chery, BYD are using lithium iron phosphate.


Japanese professional market research agency data shows that the market will show a battery explosive growth. Fuji Institute of Economics and Statistics, the environmentally friendly cars in the world are sought after, popular hybrid and electric cars, the next few years, automotive battery market will expand rapidly. 2009 is expected to ship cars with lithium batteries will amount to 10.4 billion yen in 2008, based on the double to 250 billion yen, while in 2014, the market will rapidly expand the size to 2.25 trillion yen ( about 24.8 billion U.S. dollars), is about 215 times in 2008.


SW's report also pointed out that China's future power battery market space will show up ten times: in 2012 one million new energy vehicles, if 70% of nickel-hydrogen batteries, price 25000 yuan / sets, 30% lithium , price 5 yuan / sets, nickel-hydrogen batteries in 2012 will reach 17.5 billion market capacity, lithium battery market will reach 150 billion global market scale will reach several hundred billion dollars.


Gold rush of listed companies


Faced with such a large cake motive power battery market, listed companies have invested in the United States share a view and cup, and a vehicle plant in car prices has become an important driving force.


Started the car battery instead of BYD Li-ion battery market in the power of natural flourish. August of this year, BYD electric vehicle battery production base in Huizhou, Guangdong completed its BYD electric cars charged with the core technology - lithium battery production tasks, which can be mass production of lithium batteries.


Coincidentally, for the access to technology leadership, a stable supply of battery power system, claim the credit in the new energy bus Fukuda car, was also 10 at the end with the famous Beijing University Li-ion battery manufacturer first technology industry set up the Beijing Automobile Investment Co., Ltd. of new energy investment Battery Technology Co., Ltd. invested 10 million yuan Foton, accounting for 10% of registered capital.


More noteworthy is that, 12 17, Shanghai Automotive and master the core technology of lithium iron phosphate A123 Systems, the U.S. announced they would set up its stake by 51:49 the new battery power system Jie Shanghai Co., Ltd. joint development, production and sales of vehicle battery power system, in order to occupy the leading position in the market. The move also marks a "thunder and rain" into the domestic large-scale models of new energy vehicles take solid steps.


Extended to the lithium battery in the vehicle factory, while lithium battery manufacturers and automobile companies are also actively cooperate. CITIC Guoan and Toyota to lithium carbonate and lithium salts series of downstream products, especially the application of new energy cooperation signed a "letter of intent." CITIC Guoan designated Japan as the exclusive agent in Japan and the Japanese side not less than a certain amount per year of lithium carbonate products. Thereafter, on October 20, Fosugufen to increase in the lithium-ion battery separator market position and level of work BYD has decided to stabilize the market demand and broad market prospects, Foshan Jin Hui Hi-tech company capital increase to the expansion of lithium-ion battery divide the project, thereby enhancing the company's overall competitiveness.


In addition, Jiangsu Cathay Pacific, China Baoan gold and a number of listed companies are lithium batteries. Overall, Shanshangufen has formed a relatively complete industrial chain, the company has grown from a single lithium battery anode materials started, have established a lithium battery cathode material, electrolyte lithium-ion battery materials, such as a complete production line, has become the largest Lithium-ion battery materials supplier.



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2011年6月1日星期三

New energy investment opportunities in the battery industry chain and Analysis

New energy investment opportunities in the battery industry chain and Analysis


I. Introduction


With Buffett's stake in BYD, Wang became the latest of the richest man in China. The concept of new energy battery not only set off a round in the capital market turmoil, but also the hearts of ordinary people to root implant.


However, as the sensitivity of the industry's most venture capital in new investment in energy battery industry has become very conservative and lag, so far in domestic investment in the field of new energy battery case and the amount of investment is extremely limited. Energy field to help new investors to better grasp the overall development of new energy battery industry, and tap the potential investment opportunities, and Qing dynasties Group launched special "new energy investment opportunities in the battery industry chain and Analysis" report.


Second, principles and characteristics of lithium iron phosphate


1, lithium iron phosphate structure and working principle


Batteries generally include: cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator, cathode lead, negative lead, the center terminal, insulation materials, valves, seals, PTC (positive temperature control terminal), the battery shell and so on. Which cathode material, anode material, electrolyte and the different membrane processes, or different, battery performance and price have a decisive impact.


Commonly referred to as lithium batteries, based on a variety of materials containing lithium battery cathode material, the current market lithium-ion battery cathode material of lithium cobalt oxide is mainly (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), plus a few use Lithium Nickel (LiNiO2) and binary / ternary polymer as cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Lithium iron phosphate is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, referred to as LFP) battery cathode material for lithium-ion battery, its internal structure as shown in Figure: the left is the structure of olivine LiFePO4 as battery anode, the cathode foil and connection, in the middle of the polymer membrane, which separates the positive and negative, but the lithium ion Li + can not pass the electronic e-right is made from carbon (graphite) to form a battery anode, the copper foil and the negative battery connection . Between the top and bottom of the battery cell electrolyte, the battery from the metal shell, aluminum-plastic composite film or plastic containers sealed package.


  LiFePO4 battery works: battery charging, the cathode material of lithium ion de-out, through the electrolyte through the diaphragm into the cathode material; battery discharge when the anode in lithium-ion and from off them, through the electrolyte, Back to the cathode through the membrane material. (Note: The lithium-ion battery is lithium ion charging and discharging due to return migration and named the time, so the lithium ion battery, also known as "rocking chair battery")


2, the performance of lithium iron phosphate and Features


2.1 The advantages of lithium iron phosphate


First, the long life: long life cycle life of lead-acid battery is about 300 times, 500 times the maximum will, and lithium iron phosphate batteries at room temperature, 1C charge and discharge cycle 2000 times, the capacity retention rate of 80%; is lead acid battery 5 times, 4 times the nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries is 4 times that of lithium manganese battery 4-5 times.


Second, safe: The combination of phosphate bond strength than the traditional structure of transition metal oxide chemical bond strength, so the structure is more stable, and not release oxygen. Lithium iron phosphate stability at high temperatures up to 400 or more, to ensure that the battery inside the high security; will not overcharge, overheating, short circuit, the impact on explosion or combustion.


Third, environmental protection and does not require rare metals: lithium iron phosphate does not contain any (other than lithium), or heavy metals, non-toxic (SGS certification through), no pollution, meeting European RoHS requirements for environmental protection battery.


Fourth, the charge speed, low self-discharge, no memory effect: Lithium iron phosphate 2C rapid high current charge and discharge, under the dedicated charger, 2C can be made within 30 minutes of charging the battery is fully 95% of the starting current of up to 2C , and lead-acid batteries are no such properties.


Five, small, light weight: product design can be lightweight, volume-capacity lead-acid battery is the same as the 2 / 3, are more compact nickel-metal hydride battery; weight capacity of lead-acid battery is the same as 1 / 3, Ni-MH battery 2 / 3;


Sixth, the battery cell voltage high discharge platform stability: for the 3.2V, low series, high reliability battery; battery high reliability for high current charging and discharging of high-power high-rate discharge characteristics: 10C charge-discharge efficiency of 96 %, and capacity retention rate of 90% or more, can be realized 10C discharge;


To sum up, compared to conventional lithium iron phosphate batteries and other lithium battery, with its own distinct advantages, Table 1 and Table 2, and its performance compared conventional batteries and lithium batteries


Can be seen in comparison with conventional batteries, lithium iron phosphate is only at a certain disadvantage in terms of price, other indicators clearly an advantage. But if we consider the battery life, the price of lithium iron phosphate is the lowest.


Lithium iron phosphate in addition to tap density, g capacity slightly less than two indicators, other indicators account for a great advantage, especially in the cycle performance, environmental protection, safety, cost of raw materials and application areas with.


2.2 The disadvantage of lithium iron phosphate


1, the conductivity is poor, slow lithium ion diffusion. Charge or discharge, the actual specific capacity is low, this problem is restricting the development of lithium iron phosphate industry is a difficult point. Lithium iron phosphate is not the reason why so late a wide range of applications, this is a major problem.


2, the tap density is low. Generally only reached 0.8-1.3, low tap density can be said that the great disadvantage of lithium iron phosphate, which is determined by its small battery such as cell phone batteries, no advantage, so its use subject to a certain extent. Even if it's low cost, good safety performance, good stability, high number of cycles, but if the volume is too large, they can only replace a small amount of lithium cobalt oxide. However, this shortcoming is not prominent in the power batteries. Therefore, lithium iron phosphate is mainly used to produce power battery.


3, the consistency problem is serious. Lithium iron phosphate monomer more than 2000 times the current life, but produced poor consistency of the battery, thereby affecting the battery pack performance and overall life expectancy, so the car used in power there is a certain obstacle.


4, poor low temperature performance of lithium iron phosphate. Lithium iron phosphate material to the inherent characteristics, to determine their inferior low temperature performance of lithium manganese oxide cathode materials, and other. Under normal circumstances, the batteries alone, and its capacity at 0 to maintain rate of about 60 ~ 70%, -10 when 40 ~ 55%, -20 20 ~ 40% of the time. This low temperature performance is clearly the use of power supply can not meet the requirements.


5, the manufacturing costs are high. Lithium iron phosphate has the safety, environmental protection, the number of cycles is unquestionable advantages, but the current production costs relative to lead-acid batteries, lithium manganese oxide is higher, mainly due to: 1) physical properties and other lithium battery materials difference between the larger, and its small particle size, tap density, surface area, good processing properties of materials, coating is low, resulting in increased cost of the battery; 2), lithium iron phosphate is only 3.2V, the low than the other lithium about 20%, single cell to multi-use 20%, causing the battery to form part of the increase more.


As technology advances, lithium iron phosphate material of these drawbacks are gradually being resolved, the price has gradually improved, gradually expanding the scope of application, we believe, lithium iron phosphate battery technology has entered a stage of rapid development, is to drive the entire the cultivation of industrial imports from the market entered a period of rapid growth stage.


Third, lithium iron phosphate chain analysis


3.1 The iron phosphate lithium battery industry chain structure


Table 3 illustrates the detailed iron phosphate lithium battery industry chain and the various aspects of the situation on behalf of manufacturers profit margins


3.2 The lithium iron phosphate material


Raw materials, lithium iron phosphate industry is resource industries, the basic lithium resources around the world have been for the major share of the company enclosure, we believe that lithium resources industries in the venture capital has lost the value of strategic entry. Phosphorus compounds belong to the traditional chemical consumables, has a very mature vendor. In contrast, high- quality source of iron compounds, no absolute advantage in the domestic suppliers, there are some investment opportunities, investors can focus on the Shenzhen Tian Shuo Technology, Hefei Ya'alon and other leading companies in this field.


3.3 Information and Statistics National positive charge


At present lithium iron phosphate material internationally renowned manufacturers mainly the United States A123, Phostech Canada and the United States Valence. These companies have developed a very mature production technology, with the largest production capacity of 5,000 tons / year. Chinese enterprises have been launched since 2001 to develop lithium iron phosphate material, after 6 years, Beijing University in 2007, first broke through the end of lithium iron phosphate technology from the laboratory to pilot production of a series of technical and engineering technology issues, and in improving related process, making the safety of lithium iron phosphate has been greater degree of improvement and assurance, and laid a lithium iron phosphate product series and the basis for industrial scale. Overall, domestic R & D of lithium iron phosphate level and degree of industrialization and international basic synchronization. In terms of production material suppliers in China with foreign manufacturers about the price is lower than abroad, but slightly inferior material processing performance and stability. At this stage there are about 50 more than the battery materials manufacturers, which is just really into industrial mass production in Tianjin Strand, North first, Suzhou is more than ten permanent home. Although the supply capacity of the enterprise truly one of the few, but that the Chinese enterprises to seize opportunities for development of lithium batteries, so that China's lithium battery industry in the forefront of the world. Table 4 lists in detail the top 10 domestic enterprises and their development of LFP materials:


Can be seen that all domestic manufacturers of lithium iron phosphate material are advantages and disadvantages of products, not a factory absolute advantage in technology, manufacturers can not also a large-scale production.


3.4 The situation of negative electrode materials manufacturers


Anode materials, the average gross margin at about 20-30%, and belongs to the new energy battery low margin areas of the industry, this technology is relatively mature, and this area, supply manufacturers are more relevant. There are two vendors in this area of concern: Shenzhen Bei Terui New Energy Material Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Shanshan Tech Co., Ltd..


Shenzhen Bei Terui the development of New Energy Material Co., Ltd. "high energy density lithium-ion battery anode material (BTR-158-B)" New products have won the title of key new products in Guangdong Province. According to the Japanese lithium battery-related consulting company IIT Research Report, 2008, Bei Terui negative electrode materials industry in the global market share of 11%, ranking third behind Japan's Hitachi Chemical (Hitachi Chemical) and Seiko carbon (Nippon Carbon), the market share in China, ranked first, the market supply in 2008 reached 2,360 tons, the main customers for the power of God, ATL, BAK, and A123.


Shanghai Shanshan Shanshan Group Co., Ltd. is a joint venture with Ningbo Shanshan Co., Ltd. established. Carbon is the main lithium-ion battery anode material --- mesophase carbon microbeads (the CMS), modified artificial graphite powder (referred to as CMP) production and sales, an annual capacity of 1,200 tons. According to the Japanese consulting firm IIT report, Shanghai Shanshan anode materials in 2008 amounted to 1,650 tons actual supply, the market share ranked No. 6, the main customers for BYD, the power of God, ATL, and BAK.


3.5 diaphragm case manufacturers


Membrane is high technology, greater investment in industry, at this stage not yet formed a national breakthrough in membrane technology, mainly imports mainly high-end, resulting in membrane expensive, but enterprises can enjoy higher margins. Areas in the membrane of domestic technology accumulation and size of some enterprises in Shenzhen High-Tech star source material and Goldfield.


Shenzhen Star source material is a porous membrane specialized in the development, production and marketing of high-tech enterprises. Undertook two national 863 development projects; four scientific research through the identification; 34 patent applications; lithium battery separator production technology in the domestic leading position. Currently, the company has two production lines of dry and wet production line can produce different specifications of 12um to 40um lithium battery separator, of which dry production line started in January 2008, a total investment of 47.88 million yuan, annual production capacity of 10 million square meters, the production line in September 2008 formally put into operation, and has become the international standard production of lithium battery separator dry first. In addition, the design production capacity of 5,000 million square meters of lithium battery production base under construction diaphragm. The company has been rated as National Torch Plan of key enterprises, the backbone of Shenzhen, leading private companies, most recently in 2009 by Forbes as the most potential business.


Foshan Jin Hui Hi-Tech Material Co., Ltd. by the Fosugufen photoelectric (000973) and BYD set up a joint venture $ 2,810,000, which accounted for 55% stake Fosugufen; BYD 45% stake, including the operation of microporous membrane ion permeability, functional polymer membrane, insulation film, translucent film for various uses environmentally friendly products like organic films, with special microporous dialysis-ion battery production capacity of 7.56 million square meters films / year. According to Fosugufen (000973) Latest Announcement: Hi-Tech 2008, Jinhui expected operating income of 75.92 million yuan, net profit of 35.85 million yuan.


3.6 The manufacturers of lithium battery electrolyte condition


In summary, the lithium battery electrolyte is a high demand, high margin parts, with great investment value, at this stage on the domestic market, Jiangsu Guotai Huarong, Zhuhai race Wei Electronics, Tianjin, Taurus and other companies have certain advantages .


Cathay Pacific is of Jiangsu Guotai Huarong (002,091) holding an organic silicon material, lithium battery materials for the development of the national key high-tech enterprises. Company equipment and technology, production scale, technology level and market share are in a leading position in the country. Its products include a lithium battery electrolyte electrolyte electrolyte secondary lithium-ion battery, battery electrolyte and super capacitor electrolyte. In 2008 the company achieved an annual capacity of 3,000 tons of electrolyte, production capacity in the country ranked first, accounting for 30% domestic market share and ranked fifth in the world. The company in Jiangsu Yangtze River Chemical Industrial Park built a 50 million tons production capacity, the plant has been built and is expected October-November 2009 the official production.


Zhuhai race Wei Electronic Materials Co., Ltd. is a newly established high-tech private enterprises, a new investment of 10 million yuan annual output capacity of 1,000 tons of lithium batteries, lithium ion battery and super capacitor electrolyte production line, the factory covers an area of 3,000 square meters, mainly produces and sells functional electrolyte: lithium-ion battery at high temperature to improve performance, security and other low temperature performance of lithium ion batteries and polymer electrolyte batteries, customized for lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate , ternary materials, modified natural graphite anode material of the electrolyte.


Tianjin Taurus Power Materials Co., Ltd. is a Xingtai Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Chemical Engineering Research and Design Institute jointly funded the establishment. Has been completed sets of the electrolyte salt production, solvent refining, electrolyte preparation and packaging production line, the main products: lithium hexafluorophosphate (scale of 80 tons / year), high purity solvents (scale of 500 tons / year), lithium ion batteries Battery electrolyte and related materials. Tianjin Taurus is the only one using self-developed technology, domestic production of raw materials and equipment, lithium hexafluorophosphate products.


3.7 The situation of batteries manufacturers


Batteries due to production process and production technology is relatively mature and stable cathode material in the supply situation, most of the domestic lithium-ion battery manufacturers are able to produce lithium iron phosphate batteries, but battery manufacturing involves a combination of batteries must be ensure the consistency of batteries, so battery production equipment set a higher and more professional requirements, so much equipment investment, in general, the construction of a production line of lithium iron phosphate batteries at least 5,000 million start-up capital. Business enterprises will be very difficult to enter this field, the traditional battery manufacturers will have a greater advantage. The following table lists the main domestic batteries production enterprises and their situation.


IV Summary


Lithium iron phosphate market is a huge market, pure cathode material, can reach several hundred billion global scale, the size of batteries downstream industries, the scale can be over 500 billion. Meanwhile, China in this industry, whether in technology, equipment, raw materials and markets are some of accumulation, with the foundation to develop this industry. Point in time, we believe that the next 2-3 years, lithium iron phosphate may have a significant technological breakthrough to boost the market breakthrough. From the business perspective of investment in the industrial chain of lithium iron phosphate, we believe that cathode material, separator, electrolyte some of the unique advantages of the enterprises will be cause for concern.



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